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Fluorescence  in situ  hybridization karyotypes have been widely used for evolutionary analysis on chromosome organization and genetic/genomic diversity in the wheat alliance (tribe Triticeae of Poaceae). The karyotpic diversity of  Aegilops umbellulata ,  Ae. markgrafii ,  Ae. comosa  subsp.  comosa  and subsp.  subventricosa , and  Ae. uniaristata  was evaluated by the fluorescence  in situ  hybridization (FISH) probes oligo-pSc119.2 and pTa71 in combination with (AAC) 5 , (ACT) 7 , and (CTT) 12 , respectively. Abundant intra- and interspecific genetic variation was discovered in  Ae. umbellulata ,  Ae. markgrafii , and  Ae. comosa , but not  Ae. uniaristata.  Chromosome 7 of  Ae. umbellulata  had more variants (six variants) than the other six U chromosomes (2–3 variants) as revealed by probes oligo-pSc119.2 and (AAC) 5 . Intraspecific variation in  Ae. markgrafii  and  Ae. comosa  was revealed by oligo-pSc119.2 in combination with (ACT) 7  and (CTT) 12 , respectively. At least five variants were found in every chromosome of  Ae. markgrafii  and  Ae. comosa , and up to 18, 10, and 15 variants were identified for chromosomes 2 of  Ae. markgrafii , 4 of  Ae. comosa  subsp.  comosa , and 6 of  Ae. comosa  subsp.  subventricosa . The six  Ae. uniaristata  accessions showed identical FISH signal patterns. A large number of intra-specific polymorphic FISH signals were observed between the homologous chromosomes of  Ae. markgrafii  and  Ae. comosa , especially chromosomes 1, 2, 4, and 7 of  Ae. markgrafii , chromosome 4 of  Ae. comosa  subsp.  comosa , and chromosome 6 of  Ae. comosa  subsp.  subventricosa . Twelve  Ae. comosa  and 24  Ae. markgrafii  accessions showed heteromorphism between homologous chromosomes. Additionally, a translocation between the short arms of chromosomes 1 and 7 of  Ae. comosa  PI 551038 was identified. The FISH karyotypes can be used to clearly identify the chromosome variations of each chromosome in these  Aegilops  species and also provide valuable information for understanding the evolutionary relationships and structural genomic variation among  Aegilops  species.

frontiers in plant science

Analysis of Structural Genomic Diversity in Aegilops umbellulata, Ae. markgrafii, Ae. comosa, and Ae. uniaristata by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Karyotyping