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Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) play an important role in stress resistance and development of plants. Despite their diverse roles, little information is available in apple ( Malus  ×  domestic ). This study firstly presents the genome-wide identification of VPE family genes in apple, resulting in 20 family members those are unevenly distributed across six out of the 17 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis assigned these genes into four groups. Analysis of exon–intron junctions and motifs of each candidate gene revealed high levels of conservation within and between phylogenetic groups.  Cis -element including w box, ABRE, LTR, and TC-rich repeats were found in promoters of  MdVPEs . NCBI-GEO database shown that the expression of  MdVPEs  exhibited diverse patterns in different tissues as well as the infection of  Pythium ultimum  and  Apple Stem Grooving Virus . Furthermore, qRT-PCR showed that  MdVPE  genes were responsive to salt, cadmium, low-temperature, and drought. Overexpression of MDP0000172014, which was strongly induced by salt and drought stress, significantly decreased  Arabidopsis  tolerance to salt stress. The genome-wide identification and characterization of  MdVPEs  in apple provided basic information for the potential utilization of  MdVPEs  in stress resistance.

frontiers in plant science

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Vacuolar Processing Enzyme Gene Family and Diverse Expression Under Stress in Apple (Malus × Domestic)