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The evolution of herbicide resistance in weedy plants leads to various adaptation traits including flowering time and seed germination. In our previous studies, we found an association of the early flowering phenotype with the ACCase inhibitor herbicide resistance genotype in a population of  Polypogon fugax . MADS-box transcription factors are known to play pivotal roles in regulating plant flowering time. In this study, a  SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE  ( SVP ) - like gene, belonging to the  StMADS11  subfamily in the MADS-box family, was cloned from the early flowering  P. fugax  population (referred to as  PfMADS16 ) and resistant to the herbicide clodinafop- propargyl. Overexpression of the  SVP -like gene  PfMADS16  in  Arabidopsis thaliana  resulted in early flowering and seed abortion. This is consistent with the phenotypic characters of resistant  P. fugax  plants, but contrary to the conventional role of  SVP-like  genes that usually suppress flowering. In addition, down regulation of the seed formation gene  AtKTN1  in flowers of  PfMADS16  transgenic Arabidopsis plants indicates that  PfMADS16  may be indirectly associated with seed viability. Furthermore, one protein (PfMADS2) from the  APETALA1  ( AP1 ) subfamily interacting with  PfMADS16  in  P. fugax  was identified with relevance to flowering time regulation. These results suggest that the  PfMADS16  gene is an early flowering regulation gene associated with seed formation and viability in resistant  P. fugax  population. Our study provides potential application of  PfMADS16  for integrated weed management (such as genetic-based weed control strategies) aiming to reduce the soil weed seedbank.

StMADS11 Subfamily Gene PfMADS16 From Polypogon fugax Regulates Early Flowering and Seed Development