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Timing of flowering is crucial for the transformation from vegetative to reproductive growth in the important food crop, wheat ( Triticum aestivum  L.). The circadian clock is a central part of photoperiod regulation, with Pseudo-Response Regulators (PRRs) representing key components of circadian networks. However, little is known about the effects of PRR family members on yield-related traits in crop plants. In this study, we identified polymorphisms and haplotypes of  TaPRR1 , demonstrating that natural variations in  TaPRR1  are associated with significant differences in yield-related traits including heading date, plant height and thousand grain weight.  TaPRR1-6A-Hapla  showed an earlier heading date, advanced by 0.9 to 1.7%.  TaPRR1-6B-Hapla  and  TaPRR1-6D-Hapla  displayed reduced plant height and increased thousand grain weight of up to 13.3 to 26.4% and 6.3 to 17.3%, respectively. Subcellular localization and transcriptional activity analysis showed that TaPRR1 is a nuclear localization protein with transcriptional activity controlled by an IR domain. The expression profiles of  TaPRR1  genes over a 48-h period were characterized by circadian rhythms, which had two peaks under both short- and long- day conditions. In addition, geographical distribution analysis indicated higher distribution frequencies of  TaPRR1-6A-Hapla ,  TaPRR1-6B-Haplb , and  TaPRR1-6D-Haplb  in different agro-ecological production zones. Furthermore, analysis of molecular variance of the distribution frequency of  TaPRR1  haplotypes suggested significant differences in haplotype distribution frequency between landraces and modern cultivars. Our study provides a basis for in-depth understanding of  TaPRR1  function on yield-related traits in wheat, as well as establishing theoretical guidance for wheat molecular marker-assisted breeding.

The Circadian Clock Gene, TaPRR1, Is Associated With Yield-Related Traits in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)