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Atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO 2 ]) concentrations significantly alter developmental plant traits with potentially far-reaching consequences for ecosystem function and productivity. However, contemporary evolutionary responses among extant plant species that coincide with modern, anthropogenically driven [CO 2 ] rise have rarely been demonstrated among field-grown plant populations. Here we present findings from a long-term, free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) study in a seminatural European grassland ecosystem in which we observe a differential capacity among plant species to acclimate intrinsic water-use efficiencies (WUEs) in response to prolonged multigenerational exposure to elevated [CO 2 ] concentrations. In a reciprocal swap trial, using controlled environment growth chambers, we germinated seeds from six of the most dominant plant species at the FACE site [ Arrhenatherum elatius  (L.),  Trisetum flavescens  (L.),  Holcus lanatus  (L.),  Geranium pratense  (L.),  Sanguisorba officinalis  (L.), and  Plantago lanceolata  (L.)]. We found that long-term exposure to elevated [CO 2 ] strongly influenced the dynamic control of WUE i  in the first filial generations (F 1 ) of all species as well as an unequal ability to adapt to changes in the [CO 2 ] of the growth environment among those species. Furthermore, despite trait–environment relationships of this nature often being considered evidence for local adaptation in plants, we demonstrate that the ability to increase WUE i  does not necessarily translate to an ecological advantage in diverse species mixtures.

Heritable Changes in Physiological Gas Exchange Traits in Response to Long-Term, Moderate Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment