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Phytoplasmas are prokaryotic plant pathogens that cause considerable loss in many economically important crops, and an increasing number of phytoplasma diseases are being reported on new hosts. Knowledge of plant defense mechanisms against such pathogens should help to improve strategies for controlling these diseases. Salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense may play an important role in defense against phytoplasmas. Here, we report that SA accumulated in Madagascar periwinkle ( Catharanthus roseus ) infected with periwinkle leaf yellowing (PLY) phytoplasma.  CrPR1a  expression was induced in both symptomatic and non-symptomatic tissues of plants exhibiting PLY. NPR1 plays a central role in SA signaling, and two  NPR1  homologs,  CrNPR1  and  CrNPR3 , were identified from a periwinkle transcriptome database. Similar to  CrPR1a ,  CrNPR1  expression was also induced in both symptomatic and non-symptomatic tissues of plants exhibiting PLY. Silencing of  CrNPR1 , but not  CrNPR3 , significantly repressed  CrPR1a  induction in  Tobacco rattle virus -infected periwinkle plants. In addition, symptoms of PLY progressed fastest in  CrNPR1 -silenced plants and slowest in  CrNPR3 -silenced plants. Consistently, expression of  CrNPR1 , but not  CrNPR3 , was induced by phytoplasma infection as well as SA treatment. This study highlights the importance of NPR1- and SA-mediated defense against phytoplasma in periwinkle and offers insight into plant-phytoplasma interactions to improve disease control strategies.

Silencing of CrNPR1 and CrNPR3 Alters Plant Susceptibility to Periwinkle Leaf Yellowing Phytoplasma