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Sugar transport and partitioning play key roles in the regulation of plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic factors. During plant/pathogen interactions, there is a competition for sugar that is controlled by membrane transporters and their regulation is decisive for the outcome of the interaction. SWEET sugar transporters are the targets of extracellular pathogens, which modify their expression to acquire the sugars necessary to their growth ( Chen et al., 2010 ). The regulation of carbon allocation and sugar partitioning in the interaction between grapevine ( Vitis vinifera ) and its pathogens is poorly understood. We previously characterized the SWEET family in  V. vinifera  and showed that SWEET4 could be involved in resistance to the necrotrophic fungus  Botrytis cinerea  in Arabidopsis ( Chong et al., 2014 ). To study the role of VvSWEET4 in grapevine, we produced  V. vinifera  cv. Syrah hairy roots overexpressing  VvSWEET4  under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter ( VvSWEET4  OX ). High levels of  VvSWEET4  expression in hairy roots resulted in enhanced growth on media containing glucose or sucrose and increased contents in glucose and fructose. Sugar uptake assays further showed an improved glucose absorption in  VvSWEET4  overexpressors. In parallel, we observed that  VvSWEET4  expression was significantly induced after infection of wild type grapevine hairy roots with  Pythium irregulare , a soilborne necrotrophic pathogen. Importantly, grapevine hairy roots overexpressing  VvSWEET4  exhibited an improved resistance level to  P. irregulare  infection. This resistance phenotype was associated with higher glucose pools in roots after infection, higher constitutive expression of several genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, and higher flavanol contents. We propose that high sugar levels in  VvSWEET4  OX  hairy roots provides a better support to the increased energy demand during pathogen infection. In addition, high sugar levels promote biosynthesis of flavonoids with antifungal properties. Overall, this work highlights the key role of sugar transport mediated by SWEET transporters for secondary metabolism regulation and pathogen resistance in grapevine.

frontiers in plant science

Overexpression of the VvSWEET4 Transporter in Grapevine Hairy Roots Increases Sugar Transport and Contents and Enhances Resistance to Pythium irregulare, a Soilborne Pathogen