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Cellulose is an essential structural component of the plant cell wall. Its biosynthesis involves genes encoding cellulose synthase enzymes and a complex transcriptional regulatory network. Three cellulose synthases have been identified in conifers as being potentially involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis because of their preferential expression in xylem tissues; however, no direct functional association has been made to date. In the present work, we characterized the white spruce [ Picea glauca  (Moench) Voss] cellulose synthase  PgCesA3  gene and 5′ regulatory elements. Phylogenetic analysis showed that  PgCesA1-3  genes grouped with secondary cell wall-associated Arabidopsis cellulose synthase genes, such as  AtCesA8, AtCesA4 , and  AtCesA7 . We produced transgenic spruce expressing the GUS reporter gene driven by the  PgCesA3  promoter. We observed blue staining in differentiating xylem cells from stem and roots, and in foliar guard cells indicating that  PgCesA3  is clearly involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis. The promoter region sequence of  PgCesA3  contained several putative MYB cis-regulatory elements including AC-I like motifs and secondary wall MYB-responsive element (SMRE); however, it lacked SMRE4, 7 and 8 that correspond to the sequences of AC-I, II, and III. Based on these findings and results of previous transient trans-activation assays that identified interactions between the  PgCesA3  promoter and different MYB transcription factors, we performed electrophoretic mobility shift assays with MYB recombinant proteins and cis-regulatory elements present in the  PgCesA3  promoter. We found that PgMYB12 bound to a canonical AC-I element identified in the  Pinus taeda  PAL promoter and two AC-I like elements. We hypothesized that the PgMYB12 could regulate  PgCesA3  in roots based on previous expression results. This functional study of  PgCesA3  sequences and promoter opens the door for future studies on the interaction between PgMYBs and the  PgCesA3  regulatory elements.

Functional Analysis of the PgCesA3 White Spruce Cellulose Synthase Gene Promoter in Secondary Xylem