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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase fitness of their host plants under Cu deficient and toxic conditions. In this study, we have characterized two Cu transporters of the CTR family (RiCTR1 and RiCTR2) and a CTR-like protein (RiCTR3A) of  Rhizophagus irregularis . Functional analyses in yeast revealed that  RiCTR1  encodes a plasma membrane Cu transporter,  RiCTR2  a vacuolar Cu transporter and  RiCTR3A  a plasma membrane protein involved in Cu tolerance.  RiCTR1  was more highly expressed in the extraradical mycelia (ERM) and  RiCTR2  in the intraradical mycelia (IRM). In the ERM,  RiCTR1  expression was up-regulated by Cu deficiency and down-regulated by Cu toxicity.  RiCTR2  expression increased only in the ERM grown under severe Cu-deficient conditions. These data suggest that RiCTR1 is involved in Cu uptake by the ERM and RiCTR2 in mobilization of vacuolar Cu stores. Cu deficiency decreased mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscule frequency, but increased  RiCTR1  and  RiCTR2  expression in the IRM, which suggest that the IRM has a high Cu demand. The two alternatively spliced products of  RiCTR3, RiCTR3A  and  RiCTR3B , were more highly expressed in the ERM. Up-regulation of  RiCTR3A  by Cu toxicity and the yeast complementation assays suggest that RiCTR3A might function as a Cu receptor involved in Cu tolerance.

frontiers in plant science

The Rhizophagus irregularis Genome Encodes Two CTR Copper Transporters That Mediate Cu Import Into the Cytosol and a CTR-Like Protein Likely Involved in Copper Tolerance