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The plant hormone ethylene plays a regulatory role in development in light- and dark-grown seedlings. We previously isolated a group of small-molecule compounds with a quinazolinone backbone, which were named acsinones (for  AC C  s ynthase  in hibitor quinazoli nones ), that act as uncompetitive inhibitors of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS). Thus, the triple response phenotype, which consists of shortened hypocotyls and roots, radial swelling of hypocotyls and exaggerated curvature of apical hooks, was suppressed by acsinones in dark-grown (etiolated)  ethylene overproducer  ( eto ) seedlings. Here, we describe our isolation and characterization of an Arabidopsis   r evert to  et o1 9  ( ret9 ) mutant, which showed reduced sensitivity to acsinones in etiolated  eto1  seedlings. Map-based cloning of  RET9  revealed an amino acid substitution in  CHITINASE LIKE1  ( CTL1 ), which is required for cell wall biogenesis and stress resistance in Arabidopsis. Etiolated seedlings of  ctl1 ret 9    showed short hypocotyls and roots, which were augmented in combination with  eto1-4 . Consistently,  ctl1 ret 9    seedlings showed enhanced sensitivity to exogenous ACC to suppress primary root elongation as compared with the wild type. After introducing  ctl1 ret 9    to mutants completely insensitive to ethylene, genetic analysis indicated that an intact ethylene response pathway is essential for the alterations in root and apical hook but not hypocotyl in etiolated  ctl1 ret 9    seedlings. Furthermore, a mild yet significantly increased ethylene level in  ctl1  mutants was related to elevated mRNA level and activity of ACC oxidase (ACO). Moreover, genes associated with ethylene biosynthesis ( ACO1  and  ACO2 ) and response ( ERF1  and  EDF1 ) were upregulated in etiolated  ctl1 ret 9    seedlings. By characterizing a new recessive allele of  CTL1 , we reveal that CTL1 negatively regulates ACO activity and the ethylene response, which thus contributes to understanding a role for ethylene in root elongation in response to perturbed cell wall integrity.

CHITINASE LIKE1 Regulates Root Development of Dark-Grown Seedlings by Modulating Ethylene Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana