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Capsicum  is a genus containing important crop species, many of which severely suffer from thrips infestation. Thrips feeding damages leaves and fruits, and often results in virus infections. Only a few insecticides are still effective against thrips, underlining the importance of finding natural resistance in crops.  Capsicum  is a perennial plant which is usually cultivated for several months, during which time the fruits are harvested. From the young vegetative stage to the mature fruit bearing stage, the plants are at risk to thrips infestation. Constitutive resistance to thrips over the entire ontogenetic development is therefore a key trait for a more sustainable and successful cultivation of the hot and sweet pepper. In addition to ontogeny, leaf position can affect the level of thrips resistance. Pest resistance levels are known to differ between young and old leaves. To our knowledge, no studies have explicitly considered ontogeny and leaf position when screening for constitutive resistance to thrips in  Capsicum . In this study we analyze whether ontogeny and leaf position affect leaf-based resistance to  Frankliniella occidentalis  and  Thrips tabaci , in 40  Capsicum  accessions, comprising five different species. Our results show that resistance to both thrips species in  Capsicum  varies with ontogenetic stage. This variation in resistance among ontogenetic stages was not consistent among the accessions. However, accessions with constitutive resistance in both the flowering and fruit ripening stage could be identified. In addition, we found that thrips resistance is overall similar at different leaf positions within the ontogenetic stage. This implies that resistance mechanisms, such as defense compounds, are constitutively present at sufficient levels on all leaf positions. Finally, we found that resistance to  F. occidentalis  and resistance to  T. tabaci  were not correlated. This indicates that leaf-based resistance in  Capsicum  is thrips species-specific. Because of the variation in resistance over ontogeny, identifying  Capsicum  accessions with resistance over their entire lifespan is challenging. For resistance screening, accounting for leaf position may be less of a concern. To identify the defense mechanisms responsible for thrips resistance, it is important to further analyze and compare resistant and susceptible accessions.

Thrips Resistance Screening Is Coming of Age: Leaf Position and Ontogeny Are Important Determinants of Leaf-Based Resistance in Pepper