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Xanthomonas oryzae  ( Xo ) are globally important rice pathogens. Virulent lineages from Africa and Asia and less virulent strains from the United States have been well characterized.  Xanthomonas campestris  pv.  leersiae  ( Xcl ), first described in 1957, causes bacterial streak on the perennial grass,  Leersia hexandra , and is a close relative of  Xo .  L. hexandra , a member of the Poaceae, is highly similar to rice phylogenetically, is globally ubiquitous around rice paddies, and is a reservoir of pathogenic  Xo . We used long read, single molecule real time (SMRT) genome sequences of five strains of  Xcl  from Burkina Faso, China, Mali, and Uganda to determine the genetic relatedness of this organism with  Xo . Novel transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) were discovered in all five strains of  Xcl . Predicted TALE target sequences were identified in the  Leersia perrieri  genome and compared to rice susceptibility gene homologs. Pathogenicity screening on  L. hexandra  and diverse rice cultivars confirmed that  Xcl  are able to colonize rice and produce weak but not progressive symptoms. Overall, based on average nucleotide identity (ANI), type III (T3) effector repertoires, and disease phenotype, we propose to rename  Xcl  to  X. oryzae  pv.  leersiae  ( Xol ) and use this parallel system to improve understanding of the evolution of bacterial pathogenicity in rice agroecosystems.

A Pathovar of Xanthomonas oryzae Infecting Wild Grasses Provides Insight Into the Evolution of Pathogenicity in Rice Agroecosystems