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The circadian clock synchronizes endogenous rhythmic processes with environmental cycles and maximizes plant fitness. Multiple regulatory layers shape circadian oscillation, and chromatin modification is emerging as an important scheme for precise circadian waveforms. Here, we report the role of an evolutionarily conserved Sin3-histone deacetylase complex (HDAC) in circadian oscillation in  Arabidopsis .  SAP30 FUNCTION-RELATED 1  ( AFR1 ) and  AFR2 , which are key components of Sin3-HDAC complex, are circadianly-regulated and possibly facilitate the temporal formation of the  Arabidopsis  Sin3-HDAC complex at dusk. The evening-expressed AFR proteins bind directly to the  CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1  ( CCA1 ) and  PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 9  ( PRR9 ) promoters and catalyze histone 3 (H3) deacetylation at the cognate regions to repress expression, allowing the declining phase of their expression at dusk. In support, the  CCA1  and  PRR9  genes were de-repressed around dusk in the  afr1-1afr2-1  double mutant. These findings indicate that periodic histone deacetylation at the morning genes by the Sin3-HDAC complex contributes to robust circadian maintenance in higher plants.

The Arabidopsis Sin3-HDAC Complex Facilitates Temporal Histone Deacetylation at the CCA1 and PRR9 Loci for Robust Circadian Oscillation