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Melatonin has been reported to play roles in regulating carbohydrate levels and plant growth. However, little is known about the exact mechanism by which melatonin regulates sugar levels and growth in plants. In this study, it was found that high levels of melatonin inhibited the growth of wild-type (WT) apple plants and induced significant accumulations of fructose, glucose, and sucrose in apple leaves, while  MdFRK2  expression was significantly downregulated.  MdFRK2  promoter transiently expressed in tobacco leaves further supported that the expression of  MdFRK2  could be inhibited by exogenous melatonin. After applying exogenous melatonin, the suppression of  MdFRK2  expression was significantly rescued in transgenic apples overexpressing  MdFRK2  via the 35S promoter. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose concentrations increased less as compared to WT apple plants. Wild-type plants showed a stunted phenotype 21 days after melatonin treatment, while  MdFRK2 -overexpressing plants exhibited slightly inhibited growth, indicating that the downregulated  MdFRK2  expression in response to melatonin was involved in melatonin-mediated growth inhibition. Taken together, these results demonstrate the involvement of  MdFRK2  in melatonin-induced sugar accumulation and growth inhibition. Our findings shed light on the roles played by  MdFRK2  in connecting melatonin action and plant growth.

Melatonin-Mediated Sugar Accumulation and Growth Inhibition in Apple Plants Involves Down-Regulation of Fructokinase 2 Expression and Activity