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Populus , a core genus of Salicaceae, plays a significant ecological role as a source of pioneer species in boreal forests. However, interspecific hybridization and high levels of morphological variation among poplars have resulted in great difficulty in classifying species for systematic and comparative evolutionary studies. Here, we present phylogenetic analyses of 24 newly sequenced  Populus  plastomes and 36 plastomes from GenBank, which represent seven genera of Salicaceae, in combination with a matrix of eighteen morphological characters of 40  Populus  taxa to reconstruct highly supported relationships of genus  Populus . Relationships among the 60 taxa of Salicaceae strongly supported two monophyletic genera:  Populus  and  Salix .  Chosenia  was nested within the genus  Salix , and five clades within  Populus  were divided. Clade I included the three taxa  P. euphratica, P. pruinosa , and  P. ilicifolia . Clade II contained thirteen taxa [ P. adenopoda, P. alba, P. bolleana, P. davidiana, P. hopeiensis, P. nigra, P. qiongdaoensis, P. rotundifolia, P. rotundifolia  var.  duclouxiana, P. tremula, P. tremula × alba, P. tomentosa , and  P. tomentosa  (NC)]. Clade III included the ten taxa  P. haoana, P. kangdingensis, P. lasiocarpa, P. pseudoglauca, P. qamdoensis, P. schneideri, P. simonii, P. szechuanica, P. szechuanica  var.  tibetica , and  P. yunnanensis . Clade IV included  P. cathayana, P. gonggaensis, P. koreana, P. laurifolia, P. trinervis, P. wilsonii , and  P. xiangchengensis . The last clade comprised  P. angustifolia, P. balsamifera, P. deltoides, P. deltoides × nigra, P. fremontii, P. mexicana , and  P. trichocarpa . This phylogeny is also supported by morphological traits, including bark smoothness, bud size, petiole shape, leaf inflorescence, male anther length and male anther tip.

Plastome Sequences Help to Resolve Deep-Level Relationships of Populus in the Family Salicaceae