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Photoperiod response of flowering determines plant adaptation to different latitudes. Soybean, a short-day plant, has gained the ability to flower under long-day conditions during the growing season at higher latitudes, mainly through dysfunction of  phytochrome A  genes ( E3  and  E4 ) and the floral repressor  E1 . In this study, we identified a novel molecular genetic basis of photoperiod insensitivity in Far-Eastern Russian soybean cultivars. By testcrossing these cultivars with a Canadian cultivar Harosoy near-isogenic line for a recessive  e3  allele, followed by association tests and fine mapping, we determined that the insensitivity was inherited as a single recessive gene located in an 842-kb interval in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 4, where  E1-Like b  ( E1Lb ), a homoeolog of  E1 , is located. Sequencing analysis detected a single-nucleotide deletion in the coding sequence of the gene in insensitive cultivars, which generated a premature stop codon. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) for the loss-of-function allele (designated  e1lb ) exhibited upregulated expression of soybean  FLOWERING LOCUS T  ( FT ) orthologs,  FT2a  and  FT5a , and flowered earlier than those for  E1Lb  under long-day conditions in both the  e3 / E4  and  E3 / E4  genetic backgrounds. These NILs further lacked the inhibitory effect on flowering by far-red light–enriched long-day conditions, which is mediated by  E4 , but not that of red-light–enriched long-day conditions, which is mediated by  E3 . These findings suggest that  E1Lb  retards flowering under long-day conditions by repressing the expression of  FT2a  and  FT5a  independently of  E1 . This loss-of-function allele can be used as a new resource in breeding of photoperiod-insensitive cultivars, and may improve our understanding of the function of the  E1  family genes in the photoperiod responses of flowering in soybean.

Loss of Function of the E1-Like-b Gene Associates With Early Flowering Under Long-Day Conditions in Soybean