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Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a novel gasotransmitter in both mammals and plants. H 2 S plays important roles in various plant developmental processes and stress responses. Leaf senescence is the last developmental stage and is a sequential degradation process that eventually leads to leaf death. A mutation of the H 2 S-producing enzyme-encoding gene  L -cysteine desulfhydrase1 ( DES1 ) leads to premature leaf senescence but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. In this present study, wild-type,  DES1  defective mutant ( des1 ) and over-expression ( OE-DES1 )  Arabidopsis  plants were used to investigate the underlying mechanism of H 2 S signaling in energy production and leaf senescence under drought stress. The  des1  mutant was more sensitive to drought stress and displayed accelerated leaf senescence, while the leaves of  OE-DES1  contained adequate chlorophyll levels, accompanied by significantly increased drought resistance. Under drought stress, the expression levels of  ATP β- 1, -2 , and  -3  were significantly downregulated in  des1  and significantly upregulated in  OE-DES1 , and  ATP ε showed the opposite trend. Senescence-associated gene ( SAG )  12  correlated with age-dependent senescence and participated in the drought resistance of  OE-DES1 .  SAG13 , which was induced by environmental factors, responded positively to drought stress in  des1  plants, while there was no significant difference in the  SAG29  expression between  des1  and  OE-DES1 . Using transmission electron microscopy, the mitochondria of  des1  were severely damaged and bubbled in older leaves, while  OE-DES1  had complete mitochondrial structures and a homogeneous matrix. Additionally, mitochondria isolated from  OE-DES1  increased the H 2 S production rate, H 2 S content and ATPase activity level, as well as reduced swelling and lowered the ATP content in contrast with wild-type and  des1  significantly. Therefore, at subcellular levels, H 2 S appeared to determine the ability of mitochondria to regulate energy production and protect against cellular aging, which subsequently delayed leaf senescence under drought-stress conditions in plants.

Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates Energy Production to Delay Leaf Senescence Induced by Drought Stress in Arabidopsis