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The bacterial blight caused by  Xanthomonas oryzae  pv.  oryzae  ( Xoo ) is the most devastating bacterial disease of rice worldwide. A number of dominant major disease resistance ( MR ) genes and recessive  MR  genes against  Xoo  have been cloned and molecularly characterized in the last two decades. However, how these  MR  genes mediated-resistances occur at the cytological level is largely unknown. Here, by ultrastructural examination of xylem parenchyma cells, we show that resistances to  Xoo  conferred by dominant  MR  genes and recessive  MR  genes resulted in different types of programmed cell death (PCD). Three dominant  MR  genes  Xa1, Xa4 , and  Xa21  and two recessive  MR  genes  xa5  and  xa13  that encode very different proteins were used in this study. We observed that  Xa1 -,  Xa4 -, and  Xa21 -mediated resistances to  Xoo  were associated mainly with autophagy-like cell death featured by the formation of autophagosome-like bodies in the xylem parenchyma cells. In contrast, the  xa5 - and  xa13 -mediated resistances to  Xoo  were associated mainly with vacuolar-mediated cell death characterized by tonoplast disruption of the xylem parenchyma cells. Application of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine partially compromised  Xa1 -,  Xa4 -, and  Xa21 -mediated resistances, as did Na 2 HPO 4  alkaline solution to  xa5 - and  xa13 -mediated resistances. These results suggest that autophagy-like cell death is a feature of the dominant  MR  gene-mediated resistance to  Xoo  and vacuolar-mediated cell death is a characteristic of the recessive  MR  gene-mediated resistance.

Dominant and Recessive Major R Genes Lead to Different Types of Host Cell Death During Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae in Rice