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Phalaenopsis  is one of the most important potted plants in the ornamental market of the world. Previous reports implied that crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) orchids at their young seedling stages might perform C 3  or weak CAM photosynthetic pathways, but the detailed molecular evidence is still lacking. In this study, we used a key species in white  Phalaenopsis  breeding line,  Phalaenopsis aphrodite  subsp.  formosana , to study the ontogenetical changes of CAM performance in  Phalaenopsis . Based on the investigations of rhythms of day/night CO 2  exchange, malate contents and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activities, it is suggested that a progressive shift from C 3  to CAM occurred as the protocorms differentiated the first leaf. To understand the role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PEPC kinase) in relation to its target PEPC in CAM performance in  Phalaenopsis , the expression profiles of the genes encoding  PEPC  ( PPC ) and  PEPC kinase  ( PPCK ) were measured in different developmental stages. In  Phalaenopsis , two  PPC  isogenes were constitutively expressed over a 24-h cycle similar to the housekeeping genes in all stages, whereas the significant day/night difference in  PaPPCK  expression corresponds to the day/night fluctuations in PEPC activity and malate level. These results suggest that the  PaPPCK  gene product is most likely involved in regulation of CAM performance in different developmental stages of  Phalaenopsis  seedlings.

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Expression Profiles of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Kinase Genes in Phalaenopsis, Implications for Regulating the Performance of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism