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Apomixis is a clonal mode of reproduction via seeds, which results from the failure of meiosis and fertilization in the sexual female reproductive pathway. In previous transcriptomic surveys, we identified a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (N46) displaying differential representation in florets of sexual and apomictic  Paspalum notatum  genotypes. Here, we retrieved and characterized the N46 full cDNA sequence from sexual and apomictic floral transcriptomes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that N46 was a member of the  YODA  family, which was re-named  QUI-GON JINN  ( QGJ ). Differential expression in florets of sexual and apomictic plants was confirmed by qPCR.  In situ  hybridization experiments revealed expression in the nucellus of aposporous plants’ ovules, which was absent in sexual plants. RNAi inhibition of  QGJ  expression in two apomictic genotypes resulted in significantly reduced rates of aposporous embryo sac formation, with respect to the level detected in wild type aposporous plants and transformation controls. The  QGJ  locus segregated independently of apospory. However, a probe derived from a related long non-coding RNA sequence ( PN_LNC_QGJ ) revealed RFLP bands cosegregating with the  Paspalum  apospory-controlling region (ACR).  PN_LNC_QGJ  is expressed in florets of apomictic plants only. Our results indicate that the activity of  QGJ  in the nucellus of apomictic plants is necessary to form non-reduced embryo sacs and that a long non-coding sequence with regulatory potential is similar to sequences located within the ACR.

The MAP3K-Coding QUI-GON JINN (QGJ) Gene Is Essential to the Formation of Unreduced Embryo Sacs in Paspalum