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Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in  Arabidopsis  is established beyond the initial pathogenic infection or is directly induced by treatment with salicylic acid or its functional analogs (SA/INA/BTH). NPR1 protein and WRKY transcription factors are considered the master regulators of SAR. Our previous study showed that  NPR1  homologs in wheat ( Triticum aestivum  L.) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare  L.) regulated the expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins during acquired resistance (AR) triggered by  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  tomato  DC3000. In the present examination, AR induced by  P. syringae  DC3000 was also found to effectively improve wheat resistance to  Puccinia triticina  ( Pt ). However, with more complex genomes, genes associated with this SAR-like response in wheat and barley are largely unknown and no specific  WRKYs  has been reported to be involved in this biological process. In our subsequent analysis, barley transgenic line overexpressing wheat  wNPR1  (wNPR1-OE) showed enhanced resistance to  Magnaporthe oryzae  isolate Guy11, whereas AR to Guy11 was suppressed in a barley transgenic line with knocked-down barley  HvNPR1  (HvNPR1-Kd). We performed RNA-seq to reveal the genes that were differentially expressed among these transgenic lines and the wild-type barley plants during the AR. Several  PR  and BTH-induced ( BCI ) genes were designated as downstream genes of  NPR1 . The expression of few  WRKYs  was significantly associated with  NPR1  expression during the AR events. The transient expression of three  WRKY  genes, including  HvWRKY6 ,  HvWRKY40 , and  HvWRKY70 , in wheat leaves by  Agrobacterium -mediated infiltration enhanced the resistance to  Pt . In conclusion, a profile of genes associated with  NPR1 -mediated AR in barley was drafted and  WRKYs  discovered in the current study showed a substantial potential for improving wheat resistance to  Pt .

frontiers in plant science

WRKY Transcription Factors Associated With NPR1-Mediated Acquired Resistance in Barley Are Potential Resources to Improve Wheat Resistance to Puccinia triticina