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Plant growth and development are dependent on chloroplast development and function. Constitutive high level accumulation of a chloroplast stress signal, 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphate (PAP), confers drought tolerance to plants, but slow downs and alters plant growth and development. PAP, a by-product of sulfur metabolism, is maintained at very low levels by the SAL1 phosphatase during vegetative growth of  Arabidopsis  and accumulates in rosettes during drought and excess light. Eight independent forward genetic screens in  Arabidopsis  identified SAL1 as the regulator of multiple phenotypes related to stress responses, hormonal signaling and/or perception. In this perspective article, we collate all the  sal1  phenotypes published in the past two decades, and distill the different pathways affected. Our meta-analysis of publicly available  sal1  microarray data coupled to preliminary hormonal treatment and profiling results on  sal1  indicate that homeostasis and responses to multiple hormones in  sal1  are altered during rosette growth, suggesting a potential connection between SAL1-PAP stress retrograde pathway and hormonal signaling. We propose the SAL1-PAP pathway as a case study for integrating chloroplast retrograde signaling, light signaling and hormonal signaling in plant growth and morphogenesis.

frontiers in plant science

The Arabidopsis SAL1-PAP Pathway: A Case Study for Integrating Chloroplast Retrograde, Light and Hormonal Signaling in Modulating Plant Growth and Development?