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The white potato cyst nematode,  Globodera pallida , is an obligate biotrophic pathogen of a limited number of Solanaceous plants. Like other plant pathogens,  G. pallida  deploys effectors into its host that manipulate the plant to the benefit of the nematode. Genome analysis has led to the identification of large numbers of candidate effectors from this nematode, including the cyst nematode-specific SPRYSEC proteins. These are a secreted subset of a hugely expanded gene family encoding SPRY domain-containing proteins, many of which remain to be characterized. We investigated the function of one of these SPRYSEC effector candidates,  Gp SPRY-414-2. Expression of the gene encoding  Gp SPRY-414-2 is restricted to the dorsal pharyngeal gland cell and reducing its expression in  G. pallida  infective second stage juveniles using RNA interference causes a reduction in parasitic success on potato. Transient expression assays in  Nicotiana benthamiana  indicated that  Gp SPRY-414-2 disrupts plant defenses. It specifically suppresses effector-triggered immunity (ETI) induced by co-expression of the  Gpa2  resistance gene and its cognate avirulence factor  RBP-1 . It also causes a reduction in the production of reactive oxygen species triggered by exposure of plants to the bacterial flagellin epitope flg22. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified a potato cytoplasmic linker protein (CLIP)-associated protein ( St CLASP) as a host target of  Gp SPRY-414-2. The two proteins co-localize  in planta  at the microtubules. CLASPs are members of a conserved class of microtubule-associated proteins that contribute to microtubule stability and growth. However, disruption of the microtubule network does not prevent suppression of ETI by  Gp SPRY-414-2 nor the interaction of the effector with its host target. Besides,  Gp SPRY-414-2 stabilizes its target while effector dimerization and the formation of high molecular weight protein complexes including  Gp SPRY-414-2 are prompted in the presence of the  St CLASP. These data indicate that the nematode effector  Gp SPRY-414-2 targets the microtubules to facilitate infection.

The Globodera pallida SPRYSEC Effector GpSPRY-414-2 That Suppresses Plant Defenses Targets a Regulatory Component of the Dynamic Microtubule Network