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β-galactosidases are cell wall hydrolases that play an important role in fruit softening. However,  PpBGAL s mechanism impacting on ethylene-dependent peach fruit softening was still unclear. In this study, we found that  PpBGAL4, -6, -8, -10, -16 , and - 17  may be required for ethylene-dependent peach softening and  PpBGAL10 , - 16  may make a main contribution to it among 17  PpBGALs . Utilization of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) showed that fruits were firmer than those of the control at 4 and 6 days after harvest (DAH) when  PpBGAL10  and  PpBGAL16  expression was down-regulated. Suppression of  PpBGAL10  and  PpBGAL16  expression also reduced  PpPG21  and  PpPME3  transcription, and polygalacturonase (PG) and pectinmethylesterases (PME) activity. Overall, total cell wall material and protopectin slowly declined, water-soluble pectin slowly increased, and cellulose and hemicellulose was altered significantly at 4 DAH, relative to control fruit. In addition,  PpACO1  expression and ethylene production were also suppressed at 4 DAH because of inhibiting  PpBGAL10  and  PpBGAL16  expression. These results suggested that down-regulation of  PpBGAL10  and  PpBGAL16  expression delays peach fruit softening by decreasing PG and PME activity, which inhibits cell wall degradation and ethylene production.

Down-Regulation of PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 Delays Fruit Softening in Peach by Reducing Polygalacturonase and Pectin Methylesterase Activity