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Euphorbia hainanensis  is an endangered species endemic to the tropical Hainan Island in southern China and of historical importance for Chinese medicine. It is currently the only unplaced species of the genus  Euphorbia  (Euphorbiaceae) due to its isolated island distribution and debated placement by a previous molecular phylogenetic study. We sequenced nuclear ITS and chloroplast  rbcL  and  ndhF  for newly collected accessions of  E. hainanensis  and additional  Euphorbia  species found in Hainan, and analyzed the sequences in the context of the entire genus together with published data. All gene regions highly supported that  E. hainanensis  occupied an isolated phylogenetic position, showing no close affinity with any known  Euphorbia  sections suggesting it was a new section. ITS placed  E. hainanensis  sister to sect.  Crossadenia  (subgenus  Chamaesyce ) from Brazil with an estimated divergence time of 9.3-30.6 Mya while the chloroplast markers placed  E. hainanensis  at a position sister to the entire New World clade of  Euphorbia  subgenus  Chamaesyce . In addition, our karyological results suggested a close affinity between  E. hainanensis  and the New World species of  Euphorbia  subg.  Chamaesyce , with which shared the same chromosome number 2n = 28 and basic chromosome number x = 7. Phenotypically,  E. hainanensis  is unique with no close resemblance to other species in  Euphorbia  subg.  Chamaesyce . Based on its isolated biogeographical, karyological, and phenotypical position, we propose a new section  E . subgenus  Chamaesyce  section  Hainanensis  that might origin from long distance dispersal events because collective evidences showed a close affinity between the species from the Old World with those from the New World.

frontiers in plant science

Euphorbia Section Hainanensis (Euphorbiaceae), a New Section Endemic to the Hainan Island of China From Biogeographical, Karyological, and Phenotypical Evidence