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Our phenotyping and hormonal study has characterized the role of cytokinins (CK) in the drought and recovery responses of  Arabidopsis thaliana . CK down-regulation was achieved by overexpression of the gene for CK deactivating enzyme cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX): constitutive (35S:CKX) or at the stress onset using a dexamethasone-inducible  pOp/LhGR  promoter (DEX:CKX). The 35S:CKX plants exhibited slow ontogenesis and higher expression levels of stress-associated genes, e.g.,  AtP5CS1 , already at well-watered conditions. CK down-regulation resulted during drought in higher stress tolerance (indicated by relatively low up-regulation of the expression of drought stress marker gene  AtRD29B ) accompanied with lower leaf water loss. Nevertheless, these plants exhibited slow and delayed recovery after re-watering. CK levels were increased at the stress onset by stimulation of the expression of CK biosynthetic gene  isopentenyl transferase  ( ipt ) (DEX:IPT) or by application of exogenous CK  meta -topolin. After water withdrawal, long-term CK elevation resulted in higher water loss in comparison with CKX transformants as well as with plants overexpressing  ipt  driven by senescence-inducible  SAG12  promoter (SAG:IPT), which gradually enhanced CKs during the stress progression. In all cases, CK up-regulation resulted in fast and more vigorous recovery. All drought-stressed plants exhibited growth suppression associated with elevation of abscisic acid and decrease of auxins and active CKs (with the exception of SAG:IPT plants). Apart from the  ipt  overexpressers, also increase of jasmonic and salicylic acid was found.

Cytokinins: Their Impact on Molecular and Growth Responses to Drought Stress and Recovery in Arabidopsis