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Plant calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) were reported to play important roles in plant resistance to abiotic stress. Foxtail millet cultivation “H138” was used for RNA-seq analysis. The data from drought-induced  de novo  transcriptomic sequences of foxtail millet showed that CDPKs were up- or down-regulated by drought to different degrees. In this study, 29 foxtail millet CDPKs were classified into four subgroups. These genes were unevenly distributed on nine foxtail millet chromosomes, and chromosomes 2, 3, and 9 contained the most SiCDPK members. Analysis of putative  cis -acting elements showed that most foxtail millet CDPK genes contained the ABRE, LTR, HSE, MYB, MYC, DRE, CGTCA-motif, and TGACG-motif  cis -acting elements, which could be activated by abiotic stresses. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that 29 SiCDPK genes experienced different degrees of induction under drought and ABA stresses.  SiCDPK24  had the highest expression levels at 6 and 12 h of drought treatment and was chosen for further analysis. SiCDPK24 localized to the cell membrane and the nucleus of  Arabidopsis  mesophyll protoplasts. Western blot analysis showed that SiCDPK24 protein had autophosphorylation activity. Overexpression of  SiCDPK24  in  Arabidopsis  enhanced drought resistance and improved the survival rate under drought stress. It also activated the expressions of nine stress-related genes, namely  RD29A ,  RD29B ,  RD22 ,  KIN1 ,  COR15 ,  COR47 ,  LEA14 ,  CBF3/DREB1A , and  DREB2A . These genes are involved in resistance to abiotic stresses in  Arabidopsis . These results indicate that foxtail millet CDPK genes play important roles in resisting drought stress.

Genome-Wide Analysis of CDPK Family in Foxtail Millet and Determination of SiCDPK24 Functions in Drought Stress