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Like  Arabidopsis thaliana , the flowering of the legume  Medicago truncatula  is promoted by long day (LD) photoperiod and vernalization. However, there are differences in the molecular mechanisms involved, with orthologs of two key  Arabidopsis thaliana  regulators,  FLOWERING LOCUS C  ( FLC ) and  CONSTANS  ( CO ), being absent or not having a role in flowering time function in  Medicago . In  Arabidopsis , the MADS-box transcription factor gene,  SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1  ( AtSOC1 ), plays a key role in integrating the photoperiodic and vernalization pathways. In this study, we set out to investigate whether the  Medicago SOC1  genes play a role in regulating flowering time. Three  Medicago SOC1  genes were identified and characterized ( MtSOC1a–MtSOC1c ). All three  MtSOC1  genes, when heterologously expressed, were able to promote earlier flowering of the late-flowering  Arabidopsis soc1-2  mutant. The three  MtSOC1  genes have different patterns of expression. However, consistent with a potential role in flowering time regulation, all three  MtSOC1  genes are expressed in the shoot apex and are up-regulated in the shoot apex of plants in response to LD photoperiods and vernalization. The up-regulation of  MtSOC1  genes was reduced in  Medicago fta1-1  mutants, indicating that they are downstream of  MtFTa1.  Insertion mutant alleles of  Medicago soc1b  do not flower late, suggestive of functional redundancy among  Medicago SOC1  genes in promoting flowering.

Medicago truncatula SOC1 Genes Are Up-regulated by Environmental Cues That Promote Flowering