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In Nature, almost every plant is colonized by fungi.  Trichoderma virens  is a biocontrol fungus which has the capacity to behave as an opportunistic plant endophyte. Even though many plants are colonized by this symbiont, the exact mechanisms by which  Trichoderma  masks its entrance into its plant host remain unknown, but likely involve the secretion of different families of proteins into the apoplast that may play crucial roles in the suppression of plant immune responses. In this study, we investigated  T. virens  colonization of maize roots under hydroponic conditions, evidencing inter- and intracellular colonization by the fungus and modifications in root morphology and coloration. Moreover, we show that upon host penetration,  T. virens  secretes into the apoplast an arsenal of proteins to facilitate inter- and intracellular colonization of maize root tissues. Using a gel-free shotgun proteomics approach, 95 and 43 secretory proteins were identified from maize and  T. virens , respectively. A reduction in the maize secretome (36%) was induced by  T. virens , including two major groups, glycosyl hydrolases and peroxidases. Furthermore,  T. virens  secreted proteins were mainly involved in cell wall hydrolysis, scavenging of reactive oxygen species and secondary metabolism, as well as putative effector-like proteins. Levels of peroxidase activity were reduced in the inoculated roots, suggesting a strategy used by  T. virens  to manipulate host immune responses. The results provide an insight into the crosstalk in the apoplast which is essential to maintain the  T. virens -plant interaction.

frontiers in plant science

The Apoplastic Secretome of Trichoderma virens During Interaction With Maize Roots Shows an Inhibition of Plant Defence and Scavenging Oxidative Stress Secreted Proteins