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Senna alexandrina  (Fabaceae) is a globally recognized medicinal plant for its laxative properties as well as the only source of sennosides, and is highly exported bulk herb from India. Its major procurement is exclusively from limited cultivation, which leads to risks of deliberate or unintended adulteration. The market raw materials are in powdered or finished product form, which lead to difficulties in authentication. Here, DNA barcode tags based on chloroplast genes ( rbcL  and  matK ) and intergenic spacers ( psbA-trnH  and  ITS ) were developed for  S. alexandrina  along with the allied species. The ability and performance of the  ITS1  region to discriminate among the  Senna  species resulted in the present proposal of the  ITS1  tags as successful barcode. Further, these tags were coupled with high-resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis in a real-time PCR genotyping method to derive Bar-HRM (Barcoding-HRM) assays. Suitable HRM primer sets were designed through SNP detection and mutation scanning in genomic signatures of  Senna  species. The melting profiles of  S. alexandrina  and  S .  italica  subsp.  micrantha  were almost identical and the remaining five species were clearly separated so that they can be differentiated by HRM method. The sensitivity of the method was utilized to authenticate market samples [Herbal Sample Assays (HSAs)]. HSA01 ( S. alexandrina  crude drug sample from Bangalore) and HSA06 ( S. alexandrina  crude drug sample from Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India) were found to be highly contaminated with  S .  italica  subsp.  micrantha . Species admixture samples mixed in varying percentage was identified sensitively with detection of contamination as low as 1%. The melting profiles of PCR amplicons are clearly distinct, which enables the authentic differentiation of species by the HRM method. This study reveals that DNA barcoding coupled with HRM is an efficient molecular tool to authenticate  Senna  herbal products in the market for quality control in the drug supply chain.  CIMAP Communication Number: CIMAP/PUB/2017/31

frontiers in plant science

Candidate DNA Barcode Tags Combined With High Resolution Melting (Bar-HRM) Curve Analysis for Authentication of Senna alexandrina Mill. With Validation in Crude Drugs