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Highly conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades regulate numerous plant processes, including hormonal responses, stress, and innate immunity. In this research,  TaMAPK4  was predicted to be a target of tae-miR164. We verified the binding and suppression of  TaMAPK4  by co-expression in  Nicotiana benthamiana . Moreover, we found  TaMAPK4  was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus using transient expression analyses.  TaMAPK4  transcripts increased following salicylic acid (SA) treatment and when host plants were infected with an avirulent race of the stripe-rust pathogen. Silencing of  TaMAPK4  by virus-induced gene silencing permitted increased colonization by the avirulent pathogen race. Detailed histological results showed increased  Puccinia striiformis  ( Pst ) hyphal length, hyphal branches, and infection uredinial size compared to the non-silenced control. SA accumulation and the transcript levels of  TaPR1, TaPR2 , and  TaPR5  were significantly down-regulated in  TaMAPK4  knockdown plants. Overall, these results suggest that  TaMAPK4  plays an important role in signaling during the wheat- Pst  interaction. These results present new insights into MAPK signaling in wheat defense to rust pathogen.

TaMAPK4 Acts as a Positive Regulator in Defense of Wheat Stripe-Rust Infection