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14-3-3 Proteins are a family of highly conserved regulatory molecules expressed in all eukaryotic cells and regulate a diverse set of biological responses in plants. However, their functions in flowering of  Phyllostachys violascens  are poorly understood. In this study, four non-  Pv14-3-3  genes from  P. violascens  were identified and named  PvGF14b ,  PvGF14c ,  PvGF14e , and  PvGF14f . qRT-PCR analyses revealed that  PvGF14b  and  PvGF14e  exhibited widely expressed in all tested bamboo tissues.  PvGF14b  was highest expression in root and lowest in immature leaf. Whereas  PvGF14c  and  PvGF14f  showed tissue-specific expression.  PvGF14c  was mainly expressed in immature and mature leaves.  PvGF14f  was highest expression in mature leaves. These four genes were not significantly differentially expressed in mature leaf before bamboo flowering and during flower development.  PvGF14b  and  PvGF14c  were not induced by circadian rhythm. PvGF14c displayed subcellular localization in the cytoplasm and PvFT in nucleus and cytoplasm. Yeast two-hybrid screening and bimolecular fluorescence complementation confirmed the interaction between PvGF14c and PvFT. The overexpression of  PvGF14b ,  PvGF14c , and  PvGF14e  significantly delayed flowering time in transgenic  Arabidopsis  under long-day condition. These findings suggested that at least three  PvGF14  genes are involved in flowering and may act as a negative regulator of flowering by interacting with PvFT in bamboo.

Overexpression of PvGF14c from Phyllostachys violascens Delays Flowering Time in Transgenic Arabidopsis