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Salinity imposes a major constraint over the productivity of rice. A set of chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), derived from a cross between the  japonica  type cultivar (cv.) Nipponbare (salinity sensitive) and the  indica  type cv. 9311 (moderately tolerant), was scored using a hydroponics system for their salinity tolerance at the seedling stage. Two of the CSSLs, which share a ∼1.2 Mbp stretch of chromosome 4 derived from cv. Nipponbare, were as sensitive to the stress as cv. Nipponbare itself. Fine mapping based on an F 2  population bred from a backcross between one of these CSSLs and cv. 9311 narrowed this region to 95 Kbp, within which only one gene ( OsHAK1 ) exhibited a differential (lower) transcript abundance in cv. Nipponbare and the two CSSLs compared to in cv. 9311. The gene was up-regulated by exposure to salinity stress both in the root and the shoot, while a knockout mutant proved to be more salinity sensitive than its wild type with respect to its growth at both the vegetative and reproductive stages. Seedlings over-expressing  OsHAK1  were more tolerant than wild type, displaying a superior photosynthetic rate, a higher leaf chlorophyll content, an enhanced accumulation of proline and a reduced level of lipid peroxidation. At the transcriptome level, the over-expression of  OsHAK1  stimulated a number of stress-responsive genes as well as four genes known to be involved in Na +  homeostasis and the salinity response ( OsHKT1;5 ,  OsSOS1 ,  OsLti6a  and  OsLti6b ). When the stress was applied at booting through to maturity, the  OsHAK1  over-expressors out-yielded wild type by 25%, and no negative pleiotropic effects were expressed in plants gown under non-saline conditions. The level of expression of  OsHAK1  was correlated with Na + /K +  homeostasis, which implies that the gene should be explored a target for molecular approaches to the improvement of salinity tolerance in rice.

Variation in the Abundance of OsHAK1 Transcript Underlies the Differential Salinity Tolerance of an indica and a japonica Rice Cultivar