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Bacterial phytopathogen type III secreted (T3S) effectors have been strongly implicated in altering the interaction of pathogens with host plants. Therefore, it is useful to characterize the whole effector repertoire of a pathogen to understand the interplay of effectors in plants.  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  actinidiae  is a causal agent of kiwifruit canker disease. In this study, we generated an  Agrobacterium -mediated transient expression library of YFP-tagged T3S effectors from two strains of  Psa ,  Psa -NZ V13 and  Psa -NZ LV5, in order to gain insight into their mode of action in  Nicotiana tabacum  and  N. benthamiana . Determining the subcellular localization of effectors gives an indication of the possible host targets of effectors. A confocal microscopy assay detecting YFP-tagged  Psa  effectors revealed that the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell periphery are major targets of  Psa  effectors.  Agrobacterium -mediated transient expression of multiple  Psa  effectors induced HR-like cell death (HCD) in  Nicotiana  spp., suggesting that multiple  Psa  effectors may be recognized by  Nicotiana  spp.. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of several known plant immune regulators,  EDS1 ,  NDR1 , or  SGT1  specified the requirement of SGT1 in HCD induced by several  Psa  effectors in  N. benthamiana . In addition, the suppression activity of  Psa  effectors on HCD-inducing proteins and PTI was assessed.  Psa  effectors showed differential suppression activities on each HCD inducer or PTI. Taken together, our  Psa  effector repertoire analysis highlights the great diversity of T3S effector functions  in planta .

frontiers in plant science

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Type III Effectors Localized at Multiple Cellular Compartments Activate or Suppress Innate Immune Responses in Nicotiana benthamiana