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BIG GRAIN1  ( BG1 ) is an auxin-regulated gene which functions in auxin pathway and positively regulates biomass, grain size and yield in rice. However, the evolutionary origin and divergence of these genes are still unknown. In this study, we found that  BG  genes are probably originated in seed plants. We also identified that seed plants evolved a class of  BIG GRAIN LIKE  ( BGL ) genes which share conserved middle and C-terminal motifs with  BG . The  BG  genes were present in all monocot and eudicot species analyzed; however, the  BGL  genes were absent in few monocot lineages. Both  BG  and  BGL  were found to be serine-rich proteins; however, differences in expansion and rates of retention after whole genome duplication events were observed. Promoters of  BG  and  BGL  genes were found to be enriched with auxin-responsive elements and the  Arabidopsis thaliana BG  and  BGL  genes were found to be auxin-regulated. The auxin-induced expression of  AthBG2  was found to be dependent on the conserved ARF17/19 module. Protein-protein interaction analysis identified that AthBG2 interact with regulators of splicing, transcription and chromatin remodeling. Taken together, this study provides interesting insights about  BG  and  BGL  genes and incentivizes future work in this gene family which has the potential to be used for crop manipulation.

frontiers in plant science

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression, Protein–Protein Interaction and Evolutionary Analysis of the Seed Plant-Specific BIG GRAIN and BIG GRAIN LIKE Gene Family