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Diverse leaf forms can be seen in nature. In  Medicago truncatula, PALM1  encoding a Cys(2)His(2) transcription factor is a key regulator of compound leaf patterning. PALM1 negatively regulates expression of  SGL1 , a key regulator of lateral leaflet initiation. However, how  PALM1  itself is regulated is not yet known. To answer this question, we used promoter sequence analysis, yeast one-hybrid tests, quantitative transcription activity assays, ChIP-PCR analysis, and phenotypic analyses of overexpression lines and mutant plants. The results show that  M. truncatula  AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (MtARF3) functions as a direct transcriptional repressor of  PALM1 . MtARF3 physically binds to the  PALM1  promoter sequence in yeast cells. MtARF3 selectively interacts with specific auxin response elements (AuxREs) in the  PALM1  promoter to repress reporter gene expression in tobacco leaves and binds to specific sequences in the  PALM1  promoter  in vivo . Upregulation of  MtARF3  or removal of both  PHANTASTICA  ( PHAN ) and  ARGONAUTE7  ( AGO7 ) pathways resulted in compound leaves with five narrow leaflets arranged in a palmate-like configuration. These results support that MtARF3, in addition as an adaxial-abaxial polarity regulator, functions to restrict spatiotemporal expression of  PALM1 , linking auxin signaling to compound leaf patterning in the legume plant  M. truncatula.

AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 Regulates Compound Leaf Patterning by Directly Repressing PALMATE-LIKE PENTAFOLIATA1 Expression in Medicago truncatula