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Extracellular ATP (eATP) has been reported to be involved in plant growth as a primary messenger in the apoplast. Here, roots of  Arabidopsis thaliana  seedlings growing in jointed medium bent upon contact with ATP-containing medium to keep away from eATP, showing a marked avoidance response. Roots responded similarly to ADP and bz-ATP but did not respond to AMP and GTP. The eATP avoidance response was reduced in loss-of-function mutants of heterotrimeric G protein α subunit (Gα) ( gpa1-1  and  gpa1-2 ) and enhanced in Gα-over-expression (OE) lines ( wG α and  cG α). Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo) tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and Gd 3+  remarkably suppressed eATP-induced root bending. ATP-stimulated Ca 2+  influx was impaired in Gα null mutants and increased in its OE lines. DR5-GFP and PIN2 were asymmetrically distributed in ATP-stimulated root tips, this effect was strongly suppressed by EGTA and diminished in Gα null mutants. In addition, some eATP-induced genes' expression was also impaired in Gα null mutants. Based on these results, we propose that heterotrimeric Gα-regulated Ca 2+  influx and PIN2 distribution may be key signaling events in eATP sensing and avoidance response in  Arabidopsis thaliana  roots.

frontiers in plant science

Heterotrimeric G Protein-Regulated Ca2+ Influx and PIN2 Asymmetric Distribution Are Involved in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots' Avoidance Response to Extracellular ATP