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Lignans, such as lariciresinol and its derivatives, have been identified as effective antiviral ingredients in  Isatis indigotica . Evidence suggests that the APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) family might be related to the biosynthesis of lignans in  I. indigotica . However, the special role played by the AP2/ERF family in the metabolism and its underlying putative mechanism still need to be elucidated. One novel AP2/ERF gene, named  Ii049 , was isolated and characterized from  I. indigotica  in this study. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that  Ii049  was expressed highest in the root and responded to methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid treatments to various degrees. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that  Ii049  protein was localized in the nucleus. Knocking-down the expression of  Ii049  caused a remarkable reduction of lignan/lignin contents and transcript levels of genes involved in the lignan/lignin biosynthetic pathway.  Ii049  bound to the coupled element 1, RAV1AAT and CRTAREHVCBF2 motifs of genes  IiPAL  and  IiCCR , the key structural genes in the lignan/lignin pathway. Furthermore,  Ii049  was also essential for SA biosynthesis, and SA induced lignan accumulation in  I. indigotica . Notably, the transgenic  I. indigotica  hairy roots overexpressing  Ii049  showed high expression levels of lignan/lignin biosynthetic genes and SA content, resulting in significant accumulation of lignan/lignin. The best-engineered line (OVX049-10) produced 425.60 μg·g −1  lariciresinol, an 8.3-fold increase compared with the wild type production. This study revealed the function of  Ii049  in regulating lignan/lignin biosynthesis, which had the potential to increase the content of valuable lignan/lignin in economically significant medicinal plants.

frontiers in plant science

AP2/ERF Transcription Factor, Ii049, Positively Regulates Lignan Biosynthesis in Isatis indigotica through Activating Salicylic Acid Signaling and Lignan/Lignin Pathway Genes