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Chilling stress is an important constraint for maize seedling establishment in the field. To examine the role of salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in response to chilling stress, we investigated the effects of seed priming with SA, H 2 O 2 , and SA+H 2 O 2  combination on maize resistance under chilling stress (13°C). Priming with SA, H 2 O 2 , and especially SA+H 2 O 2  shortened seed germination time and enhanced seed vigor and seedling growth as compared with hydropriming and non-priming treatments under low temperature. Meanwhile, SA+H 2 O 2  priming notably increased the endogenous H 2 O 2  and SA content, antioxidant enzymes activities and their corresponding genes  ZmPAL, ZmSOD4, ZmAPX2, ZmCAT2 , and  ZmGR  expression levels. The α-amylase activity was enhanced to mobilize starch to supply metabolites such as soluble sugar and energy for seed germination under chilling stress. In addition, the SA+H 2 O 2  combination positively up-regulated expressions of gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis genes  ZmGA20ox1  and  ZmGA3ox2 , and down-regulated GA catabolism gene  ZmGA2ox1  expression; while it promoted GA signaling transduction genes expressions of  ZmGID1  and  ZmGID2  and decreased the level of seed germination inhibitor gene  ZmRGL2 . The abscisic acid (ABA) catabolism gene  ZmCYP707A2  and the expressions of  ZmCPK11  and  ZmSnRK2.1  encoding response receptors in ABA signaling pathway were all up-regulated. These results strongly suggested that priming with SA and H 2 O 2  synergistically promoted hormones metabolism and signal transduction, and enhanced energy supply and antioxidant enzymes activities under chilling stress, which were closely relevant with chilling injury alleviation and chilling-tolerance improvement in maize seed.   Highlights: Seed germination and seedling growth were significantly improved under chilling stress by priming with SA+H 2 O 2  combination, which was closely relevant with the change of reactive oxygen species, metabolites and energy supply, hormones metabolism and regulation.

The Synergistic Priming Effect of Exogenous Salicylic Acid and H2O2 on Chilling Tolerance Enhancement during Maize (Zea mays L.) Seed Germination