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Conidia of the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen  Blumeria graminis  f. sp.  tritici  ( Bgt ) play a vital role in its survival and rapid dispersal. However, little is known about the genetic basis for its asexual reproduction. To uncover the primary metabolic and regulatory events during conidiation, we sequenced the transcriptome of  Bgt  epiphytic structures at 3 (vegetative hyphae growth), 4 (foot cells initiation), and 5 (conidiophore erection) days post-inoculation (dpi). RNA-seq analyses identified 556 and 404 (combined 685) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 4 and 5 dpi compared with their expression levels at 3 dpi, respectively. We found that several genes involved in the conversion from a variety of sugars to glucose, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TAC), the electron transport chain (ETC), and unsaturated fatty acid oxidation were activated during conidiation, suggesting that more energy supply is required during this process. Moreover, we found that glucose was converted into glycogen, which was accumulated in developing conidiophores, indicating that it could be the primary energy storage molecule in  Bgt  conidia. Clustering for the expression profiles of 91 regulatory genes showed that calcium (Ca 2+ ), H 2 O 2 , and phosphoinositide (PIP) signaling were involved in  Bgt  conidiation. Furthermore, a strong accumulation of H 2 O 2  in developing conidiophores was detected. Application of EGTA, a Ca 2+  chelator, and trifluoperazine dihydrochloride (TFP), a calmodulin (CaM) antagonist, markedly suppressed the generation of H 2 O 2 , affected foot cell and conidiophore development and reduced conidia production significantly. These results suggest that Ca 2+  and H 2 O 2  signaling play important roles in conidiogenesis and a crosslink between them is present. In addition to some conidiation-related orthologs known in other fungi, such as the velvet complex components, we identified several other novel  B. graminis -specific genes that have not been previously found to be implicated in fungal conidiation, reflecting a unique molecular mechanism underlying asexual development of cereal powdery mildews.

Transcriptome Analyses Shed New Insights into Primary Metabolism and Regulation of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici during Conidiation