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Few studies have assessed the common, yet unproven, hypothesis that an increase of plant nitrogen (N) uptake and/or recovery efficiency (NRE) will reduce nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission during crop production. Understanding the relationships between N 2 O emissions and crop N uptake and use efficiency parameters can help inform crop N management recommendations for both efficiency and environmental goals. Analyses were conducted to determine which of several commonly used crop N uptake-derived parameters related most strongly to growing season N 2 O emissions under varying N management practices in North American maize systems. Nitrogen uptake-derived variables included total aboveground N uptake (TNU), grain N uptake (GNU), N recovery efficiency (NRE), net N balance (NNB) in relation to GNU [NNB (GNU) ] and TNU [NNB (TNU) ], and surplus N (SN). The relationship between N 2 O and N application rate was sigmoidal with relatively small emissions for N rates <130 kg ha −1 , and a sharp increase for N rates from 130 to 220 kg ha −1 ; on average, N 2 O increased linearly by about 5 g N per kg of N applied for rates up to 220 kg ha −1 . Fairly strong and significant negative relationships existed between N 2 O and NRE when management focused on N application rate ( r  2  = 0.52) or rate and timing combinations ( r  2  = 0.65). For every percentage point increase, N 2 O decreased by 13 g N ha −1  in response to N rates, and by 20 g N ha −1  for NRE changes in response to rate-by-timing treatments. However, more consistent positive relationships ( R  2  = 0.73–0.77) existed between N 2 O and NNB (TNU) , NNB (GNU) , and SN, regardless of rate and timing of N application; on average N 2 O emission increased by about 5, 7, and 8 g N, respectively, per kg increase of NNB (GNU) , NNB (TNU) , and SN. Neither N source nor placement influenced the relationship between N 2 O and NRE. Overall, our analysis indicated that a careful selection of appropriate N rate applied at the right time can both increase NRE and reduce N 2 O. However, N 2 O reduction benefits of optimum N rate-by-timing practices were achieved most consistently with management systems that reduced NNB through an increase of grain N removal or total plant N uptake relative to the total fertilizer N applied to maize. Future research assessing crop or N management effects on N 2 O should include N uptake parameter measurements to better understand N 2 O emission relationships to plant NRE and N uptake.

Achieving Lower Nitrogen Balance and Higher Nitrogen Recovery Efficiency Reduces Nitrous Oxide Emissions in North America's Maize Cropping Systems