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In plants many developmental processes are regulated by auxin and its directional transport. PINOID (PID) kinase helps to regulate this transport by influencing polar recruitment of PIN efflux proteins on the cellular membranes. We investigated how altered auxin levels affect leaf growth in  Arabidopsis thaliana . Arabidopsis mutants and transgenic plants with altered  PID  expression levels were used to study the effect on auxin distribution and leaf development. Single knockouts showed small pleiotropic growth defects. Contrastingly, several leaf phenotypes related to changes in auxin concentrations and transcriptional activity were observed in  PID  overexpression ( PID OE  ) lines. Unlike in the knockout lines, the leaves of  PID OE   lines showed an elevation in total indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Accordingly, enhanced DR5-visualized auxin responses were detected, especially along the leaf margins. Kinematic analysis revealed that ectopic expression of  PID  negatively affects cell proliferation and expansion rates, yielding reduced cell numbers and small-sized cells in the  PID OE   leaves. We used  PID OE   lines as a tool to study auxin dose effects on leaf development and demonstrate that auxin, above a certain threshold, has a negative affect on leaf growth. RNA sequencing further showed how subtle  PID OE  -related changes in auxin levels lead to transcriptional reprogramming of cellular processes.

Alteration in Auxin Homeostasis and Signaling by Overexpression Of PINOID Kinase Causes Leaf Growth Defects in Arabidopsis thaliana