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Histone modifications play important roles in regulating the expression of C 4  photosynthetic genes. Given that all enzymes required for the C 4  photosynthesis pathway are present in C 3  plants, it has been hypothesized that this expression regulatory mechanism has been conserved. However, the relationship between histone modification and the expression of homologs of C 4  photosynthetic enzyme genes has not been well determined in C 3  plants. In the present study, we cloned nine hybrid poplar ( Populus simonii  ×  Populus nigra ) homologs of maize ( Zea mays ) C 4  photosynthetic enzyme genes,  carbonic anhydrase  ( CA ),  pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase  ( PPDK ),  phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase  ( PCK ), and  phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase  ( PEPC ), and investigated the correlation between the expression levels of these genes and the levels of promoter histone acetylation modifications in four vegetative tissues. We found that poplar homologs of C 4  homologous genes had tissue-dependent expression patterns that were mostly well-correlated with the level of histone acetylation modification (H3K9ac and H4K5ac) determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A further confirmed the role of histone acetylation in the regulation of the nine target genes. Collectively, these results suggest that both H3K9ac and H4K5ac positively regulate the tissue-dependent expression pattern of the  PsnCAs ,  PsnPPDKs ,  PsnPCKs , and  PsnPEPCs  genes and that this regulatory mechanism seems to be conserved among the C 3  and C 4  species. Our findings provide new insight that will aid efforts to modify the expression pattern of these homologs of C 4  genes to engineer C 4  plants from C 3  plants.

Histone Acetylation Modifications Affect Tissue-Dependent Expression of Poplar Homologs of C4 Photosynthetic Enzyme Genes