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The annual growth cycle of trees is the result of seasonal cues. The onset of winter triggers an endodormant state preventing bud growth and, once a chilling requirement is satisfied, these buds enter an ecodormant state and resume growing. MADS-box genes with similarity to  Arabidopsis SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE  ( SVP ) [the  SVP -like and  DORMANCY ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX  ( DAM ) genes] have been implicated in regulating flowering and growth-dormancy cycles in perennials. Here, we identified and characterized three  DAM -like ( MdDAMs ) and two  SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE -like ( MdSVPs ) genes from apple ( Malus × domestica  ‘Royal Gala’). The expression of  MdDAMa  and  MdDAMc  indicated they may play a role in triggering autumn growth cessation. In contrast, the expression of  MdDAMb, MdSVPa and MdSVPb  suggested a role in maintaining bud dormancy. Consistent with this, ectopic expression of  MdDAMb  and  MdSVPa  in ‘Royal Gala’ apple plants resulted in delayed budbreak and architecture change due to constrained lateral shoot outgrowth, but normal flower and fruit development. The association of  MdSVPa  and  MdSVPb  expression with floral bud development in the low fruiting ‘Off’ trees of a biennial bearing cultivar ‘Sciros’ suggested the  SVP  genes might also play a role in floral meristem identity.

SVP-like MADS Box Genes Control Dormancy and Budbreak in Apple