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Phytoene synthase (PSY) is a key regulatory enzyme of carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants. The present study examines the role of PSY in carotenogenesis and stress management in banana. Germplasm screening of 10 Indian cultivars showed that Nendran (3011.94 μg/100 g dry weight) and Rasthali (105.35 μg/100 g dry weight) contained the highest and lowest amounts of β-carotene, respectively in ripe fruit-pulp. Nendran ripe pulp also showed significantly higher antioxidant activity as compared to Rasthali. Meta-analysis of three banana  PSY  genes ( MaPSY1, MaPSY2 , and  MaPSY3 ) was performed to identify their structural features, subcellular, and chromosomal localization in banana genome. The distinct expression patterns of  MaPSY1, MaPSY2 , and  MaPSY3  genes were observed in various tissues, and fruit developmental stages of these two contrasting cultivars, suggesting differential regulation of the banana  PSY  genes. A positive correlation was observed between the expression of  MaPSY1  and β-carotene accumulation in the ripe fruit-peel and pulp of Nendran. The presence of stress responsive  cis -regulatory motifs in promoter region of  MaPSY  genes were correlated with the expression pattern during various stress (abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid and dark) treatments. The positive modulation of  MaPSY1  noticed under abiotic stresses suggested its role in plant physiological functions and defense response. The amino acid sequence analysis of the PSY proteins in contrasting cultivars revealed that all PSY comprises conserved domains related to enzyme activity. Bacterial complementation assay has validated the functional activity of six PSY proteins and among them PSY1 of Nendran (Nen-PSY1) gave the highest activity. These data provide new insights into the regulation of  PSY  expression in banana by developmental and stress related signals that can be explored in the banana improvement programs.

Regulation of Banana Phytoene Synthase (MaPSY) Expression, Characterization and Their Modulation under Various Abiotic Stress Conditions