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Seedlings of aluminum (Al)-tolerant  Citrus sinensis  and Al-intolerant  Citrus grandis  were fertigated daily with nutrient solution containing 0 and 1.0 mM AlCl 3 ●6H 2 O for 18 weeks. The Al-induced decreases of biomass and root total soluble proteins only occurred in  C. grandis , demonstrating that  C. sinensis  had higher Al-tolerance than  C. grandis . Under Al-treatment,  C. sinensis  roots secreted more citrate and malate than  C. grandis  ones; less Al was accumulated in  C. sinenis  than in  C. grandis  leaves. The Al-induced reduction of phosphorus was lesser in  C. sinensis  roots and leaves than in  C. grandis  ones, whereas the Al-induced increase of sulfur was greater in  C. sinensis  roots and leaves. Using RNA-seq, we isolated 1905 and 2670 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from Al-treated  C. sinensis  than  C. grandis  roots, respectively. Among these DEGs, only 649 DEGs were shared by the two species. Further analysis suggested that the following several aspects conferred  C. sinensis  higher Al-tolerance: (a) Al-treated  C. sinensis  seedlings had a higher external Al detoxification capacity  via  enhanced Al-induced secretion of organic acid anions, a higher antioxidant capacity and a more efficient chelation system in roots; (b) Al-treated  C. sinensis  seedlings displayed a higher level of sulfur in roots and leaves possibly due to increased uptake and decreased export of sulfur and a higher capacity to maintain the cellular phosphorus homeostasis by enhancing phosphorus acquisition and utilization; (c) Cell wall and cytoskeleton metabolism, energy and carbohydrate metabolism and signal transduction displayed higher adaptative responses to Al in  C. sinensis  than in  C. grandis  roots; (d) More upregulated than downregulated genes related to fatty acid and amino acid metabolisms were isolated from Al-treated  C. sinensis  roots, but the reverse was the case for Al-treated  C. grandis  roots. These results provide a platform for further investigating the roles of genes possibly responsible for citrus Al-tolerance.

Root Adaptive Responses to Aluminum-Treatment Revealed by RNA-Seq in Two Citrus Species With Different Aluminum-Tolerance