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Induced resistance response is a potent and cost effective plant defense against pathogen attack. The effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of the suppressive ability by  Bacillus cereus  AR156 to  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  tomato  DC3000 ( Pst  DC3000) in  Arabidopsis  has been investigated previously; however, the strength of induced systemic resistance (ISR) activity against  Botrytis cinerea  remains unknown. Here, we show that root-drench application of AR156 significantly reduces disease incidence through activation of ISR. This protection is accompanied with multilayered ISR defense response activated via enhanced accumulation of PR1 protein expression in a timely manner, hydrogen peroxide accumulation and callose deposition, which is significantly more intense in plants with both AR156 pretreatment and  B. cinerea  inoculation than that in plants with pathogen inoculation only. Moreover, AR156 can trigger ISR in  sid2-2  and  NahG  mutants, but not in  jar1, ein2  and  npr1  mutant plants. Our results indicate that AR156-induced ISR depends on JA/ET-signaling pathway and  NPR1 , but not SA. Also, AR156-treated plants are able to rapidly activate MAPK signaling and  FRK1 / WRKY53  gene expression, both of which are involved in pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). The results indicate that AR156 can induce ISR by the JA/ET-signaling pathways in an  NPR1 -dependent manner and involves multiple PTI components.

frontiers in plant science

Induced Systemic Resistance against Botrytis cinerea by Bacillus cereus AR156 through a JA/ET- and NPR1-Dependent Signaling Pathway and Activates PAMP-Triggered Immunity in Arabidopsis