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The regulation of innate immunity and plant growth, along with the trade-off between them, affects the defense and recovery mechanisms of the plant after it is attacked by pathogens. Although it is known that hormonal crosstalk plays a major role in regulating interaction of plant growth and PAMP-triggered immunity, the relationship between plant growth and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) remains unclear. In a large-scale yeast two-hybrid screening for Pik-H4-interacting proteins, a homeodomain transcription factor OsBIHD1 was identified, which is previously known to function in biotic and abiotic stress responses. The knockout of  OsBIHD1  in rice lines carrying  Pik-H4  largely compromised the resistance of the rice lines to  Magnaporthe oryzae , the fungus that causes rice blast. While overexpression of  OsBIHD1  resulted in enhanced expression of the pathogenesis-related ( PR ) and ethylene (ET) synthesis genes. Moreover, OsBIHD1 was also found to directly bind to the promoter region of ethylene-synthesis enzyme OsACO3. In addition,  OsBIHD1  overexpression or deficiency provoked dwarfism and reduced brassinosteroid (BR) insensitivity through repressing the expression of several critical genes involved in BR biosynthesis and BR signaling. During  M. oryzae  infection, transcript levels of the crucial BR catabolic genes ( CYP734A2 ,  CYP734A4 , and  CYP734A6 ) were significantly up-regulated in  OsBIHD1-OX  plants. Furthermore, OsBIHD1 was found to be capable of binding to the sequence-specific  cis -elements on the promoters of  CYP734A2  to suppress the plant growth under fungal invasion. Our results collectively suggest a model that OsBIHD1 is required for Pik-H4-mediated blast resistance through modulating the trade-off between resistance and growth by coordinating brassinosteroid-ethylene pathway.

NBS-LRR Protein Pik-H4 Interacts with OsBIHD1 to Balance Rice Blast Resistance and Growth by Coordinating Ethylene-Brassinosteroid Pathway