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Cadmium (Cd) is considered as one of the most toxic metals for plant growth and development. In the present study, we investigated the role of externally applied hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in regulating the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems in conferring Cd-induced oxidative stress tolerance in rapeseed ( Brassica napus  L.). Seedlings were pretreated with 50 μM H 2 O 2  for 24 h. These pretreated seedlings as well as non-pretreated seedlings were grown for another 48 h at two concentrations of CdCl 2  (0.5 and 1.0 mM). Both the levels of Cd increased MDA and H 2 O 2  levels and lipoxygenase activity while ascorbate (AsA) declined significantly. However, reduced glutathione (GSH) content showed an increase at 0.5 mM CdCl 2 , but glutathione disulfide (GSSG) increased at any level of Cd with a decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione  S -transferase (GST) upregulated due to Cd treatment in dose-dependent manners, while glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) increased only at 0.5 mM CdCl 2  and decreased at higher dose. The activity of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), catalase (CAT), glyoxalase I (Gly I), and glyoxalase II (Gly II) decreased under Cd stress. On the other hand, H 2 O 2  pretreated seedlings, when exposed to Cd, AsA and GSH contents and GSH/GSSG ratio increased noticeably. H 2 O 2  pretreatment increased the activities of APX, MDHAR, DHAR, GR, GST, GPX, and CAT of Cd affected seedlings. Thus enhancement of both the non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants helped to decrease the oxidative damage as indicated by decreased levels of H 2 O 2  and MDA. The seedlings which were pretreated with H 2 O 2  also showed enhanced glyoxalase system. The activities of Gly I, and Gly II and the content of GSH increased significantly due to H 2 O 2  pretreatment in Cd affected seedlings, compared to the Cd-stressed plants without H 2 O 2  pretreatment which were vital for methylglyoxal detoxification. So, the major roles of H 2 O 2  were improvement of antioxidant defense system and glyoxalase system which protected plants from the damage effects of ROS and MG. The mechanism of H 2 O 2  to induce antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system and improving physiology under stress condition is not known clearly which should be elucidated. The signaling roles of H 2 O 2  and its interaction with other signaling molecules, phytohormones or other biomolecules and their roles in stress protection should be explored.

frontiers in plant science

Hydrogen Peroxide Pretreatment Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress in Brassica napus L.: An Intrinsic Study on Antioxidant Defense and Glyoxalase Systems