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Sex differentiation of flower buds is an important developmental process that directly affects fruit yield of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus  L.). Plant hormones, such as gibberellins (GAs) and ethylene can promote development of male and female flowers, respectively, however, the regulatory mechanisms of GA-induced male flower formation and potential involvement of ethylene in this process still remain unknown. In this study, to unravel the genes and gene networks involved in GA-regulated cucumber sexual development, we performed high throughout RNA-Seq analyses that compared the transcriptomes of shoot tips between GA 3  treated and untreated gynoecious cucumber plants. Results showed that GA 3  application markedly induced male flowers but decreased ethylene production in shoot tips. Furthermore, the transcript levels of  M  ( CsACS2 ) gene, ethylene receptor  CsETR1  and some ethylene-responsive transcription factors were dramatically changed after GA 3  treatment, suggesting a potential involvement of ethylene in GA-regulated sex expression of cucumber. Interestingly, GA 3  down-regulated transcript of a C-class floral homeotic gene,  CAG2 , indicating that GA may also influence cucumber sex determination through an ethylene-independent process. These results suggest a novel model for hormone-mediated sex differentiation and provide a theoretical basis for further dissection of the regulatory mechanism of male flower formation in cucumber.   Statement:  We reveal that GA can regulate sex expression of cucumber via an ethylene-dependent manner, and the  M  ( CsACS2 ),  CsETR1 , and  ERFs  are probably involved in this process. Moreover,  CAG2 , a C-class floral homeotic gene, may also participate in GA-modulated cucumber sex determination, but this pathway is ethylene-independent.

frontiers in plant science

Transcriptomic Analysis Implies That GA Regulates Sex Expression via Ethylene-Dependent and Ethylene-Independent Pathways in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)